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<div class="daohang" id="daohang"><strong>位置:</strong><a href='http://3g.ChineBooks.com/'></a> > <a href='https://ChineseBooks.github.io/'>古代文学</a> > <a href='https://ChineseBooks.github.io/daojiaoshuji/'>道教书籍</a> > <a href='https://ChineseBooks.github.io/daojiaoshuji/zhongguodaojiaofazhanshilue/'>中国道教发展史略</a> > </div>
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  <h1 class="h11">六 宋元时期新兴的道教（2）元代敕封天师道与其他</h1>
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  <span class="todown1"><a href='https://ChineseBooks.github.io/daojiaoshuji/zhongguodaojiaofazhanshilue/234604.html' class='pagedaohang'>【上一篇】<i>:七 明清时期的道教（1）明太祖与周颠</i></a></span><span class="tomenu"><a href="https://ChineseBooks.github.io/daojiaoshuji/zhongguodaojiaofazhanshilue/" title="中国道教发展史略" class="returnIndex">【回目录】</a>
</span><span class="toup1"><a href='https://ChineseBooks.github.io/daojiaoshuji/zhongguodaojiaofazhanshilue/234602.html' class='pagedaohang'>【下一篇】<i>：第六章 宋元时期新兴的道教（1）北宋道教全真道的建立</i></a></span>
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<div class="articleContent" id="articleContent"> <h2>第二节 &nbsp;元代敕封天师道与其他</h2><p>元代立国之初，由于全真道丘长春的影响，朝廷内外，虽笃信西藏密宗的喇嘛教，亦曾有毁道教经典的事件，但对于儒家的孔子，与世居龙虎山的天师道，却能仍循宋代故事，又加敕封，而正其名为正一教主。元朝尊封孔子的敕文，有云：“<span class="qiangdiao1">先孔子而圣，非孔子无以明。后孔子而圣，非孔子无以法。</span>”不但为元朝增加不少光采，同时也为历代尊崇孔子的颂词中，无出其右的赞评。至于敕封张天师的经过与事实，如《元史·释老传》所载云：</p><p class="letter">正一天师者，始自汉张道陵，其后四代曰盛，来居信之龙虎山，相传至三十六代宗演，当至元十三年，世祖已平江南，遣使召之，至则廷臣郊劳，待以客礼。及见，语之日：昔岁己未，朕次鄂渚，尝令王一清往访卿父，卿父使报朕曰：后二十年，天下当混一，神仙之言，验于今矣。因命坐，锡宴，特赐玉芙蓉冠，组金无缝服，命主领江南道教，仍赐银印。十八年、二十五年，再入觐，世祖尝命取其祖天师所传玉印宝剑观之，语侍臣曰：朝代更易已不知几，而天师剑印传子若孙，尚至今日，其果有神明之相矣乎?嗟叹久之。二十九年卒。子与棣嗣为三十七代，袭掌江南道教，三十一年入觐，卒于京师。元贞元年，弟与材嗣为三十八代，袭掌道教，时潮啮盐官、海盐两州，为患特甚。与材以术治之，一夕大雷电以震，明日见有物鱼首龟形者磔于水裔，潮患遂息。大德五年，召见于上都幄殿。八年，授正一教主，主领三山符箓。武宗即位，来觐，特授金紫光禄大夫，封留国公，锡金印。仁宗即位，特赐宝冠，组织文金之服。延祐三年卒。四年，子嗣成嗣为三十九代，袭领江南道教，主领三山符箓如故。</p><p>此外，金元之际，在黄河以北，尚有刘德仁创立的大道教，萧抱珍创立的太乙教。皆不备述。</p><h3>普及民间道教观念的两部书</h3><p>元明之际，中国文学的趋向，已由汉文、唐诗、宋词、元曲的演变，到了明代，遂流行语体小说。自元代罗贯中著《三国演义》以后，关羽、诸葛亮都变为聪明正直的天神。继之又有《西游记》与《封神演义》的出现。从此而使道教的天、人、神三种关系的观念，普遍传布，永为后代中国民间社会的共同崇奉，对于道教天神信仰的宣传，最为有力。《西游记》的故事，以唐代佛教的高僧玄奘法师为主角，借用他留学印度的事实，演成唐三藏西天取经的经过，衬托道家修行炼丹成道的宗旨。《封神演义》则以历来道家所崇拜辅助周武王开国的姜尚(子牙)为主角，演成人与天神之间的关系，充分表现行善得道，作恶受报，褒扬聪明正直，死而为神，天人合一的中国宗教精神。这两部小说真正的作者，现代学者虽有考证，但都仍有问题。据道佛两家历来相传的观念，认为《西游记》的作者，是站在道教立场来赞扬佛家的解脱。《封神演义》的作者，是站在佛教立场来赞成道家的精神。但无论如何，明代以后，中国民间宗教信仰的观念，以及对道、佛两教的认识，都由于此二书而来，乃至一般知识分子，亦附会因袭，始终不加深究，故对宗教思想，产生许多可以发噱的误解。</p> </div>
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